在英语语法中,定语从句是一种用来修饰名词或代词的句子结构。它通常由关系代词(如who, whom, whose, which, that)或关系副词(如where, when, why)引导。然而,在某些特定情况下,我们只能使用关系代词that来引导定语从句,而不能使用其他关系代词。以下是几种常见的场景:
1. 当先行词是不定代词时
如果先行词是不定代词(如something, anything, everything, nothing等),那么定语从句必须使用that引导。例如:
- 正确:I need something that can help me solve this problem.
- 错误:I need something which can help me solve this problem.
在这种情况下,which不能替代that。
2. 当先行词被序数词修饰时
当先行词被序数词(如first, second, last等)修饰时,只能使用that引导定语从句。例如:
- 正确:This is the first book that I have read this year.
- 错误:This is the first book which I have read this year.
这里,which不能用于替代that。
3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时
如果先行词被形容词最高级修饰,也只能使用that引导定语从句。例如:
- 正确:She is the best student that I have ever met.
- 错误:She is the best student which I have ever met.
这种情况下,which同样不能替代that。
4. 当先行词同时指人和物时
当先行词既包括人又包括事物时,只能使用that引导定语从句。例如:
- 正确:He talked about the people and things that interested him.
- 错误:He talked about the people and things which interested him.
在这里,which无法满足语境需求。
5. 在there be结构中
在there be结构中,如果定语从句修饰的是主语,那么只能使用that引导。例如:
- 正确:There is a book that you might find useful.
- 错误:There is a book which you might find useful.
在这种特殊结构中,which也不能替代that。
总结来说,虽然在大多数情况下,关系代词的选择较为灵活,但在上述五种特定情形下,只有that能够胜任。掌握这些规则有助于更准确地运用英语语法,提升语言表达的精确性。希望以上内容能帮助大家更好地理解和应用定语从句的相关知识!